The Role Of Dna Methylation On Breast Cancer - 2323 Words

BMS3003 Essay Epigenetics: The Role of DNA Methylation in Breast Cancer The epigenetic profile of BC cancer cells is very different from that of normal breast cells. Epigenetic changes bring about cancer via the ‘switching off’ of TSGs and the ‘switching on’ of oncogenes, which may happen separately or simultaneously. Advances in our knowledge and in technology used to analyse DNA methylation could hold the key for a better way of treating BC, by personalizing treatment to reduce side effects of potent anti-cancer drugs. DNA methylation, has two main types; hypo-methylation and hyper-methylation. Here, hyper-methylation and hypo-methylation of some TSGs and oncogenes and possible treatments are discussed. Introduction Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer type in women, over fifty thousand new cases of invasive BC were diagnosed in the UK in 2013 (Cancer Research UK, 2016). It is well known that genetic abnormalities lead to cancer and three main groups of genetic predisposition alleles have been identified; high risk, moderate risk and low risk (Lalloo and Evans, 2012). Some high risk genes including BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 carry a 40-85% lifetime risk of developing BC (Lalloo and Evans, 2012). Development of cancer can also result from epigenetic alterations (Esteller, 2008). Epigenetics is defined as â€Å"the inherited genome activity that does not depend on the naked DNA sequence† (Esteller, 2011). Epigenetic modifications include changes in DNA methylation, histoneShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Epigenetics And Genetics, Research Of Epigenetics, And Diseases Associated With Epigenetics Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Epigenetics The research of epigenetics has evolved from the twentieth century from two scientists including Conrad H. Waddington and Ernst Hadorn who combined genetics and biology. There was an interest in this study in the 1990s. Research has evolved trying to figure out the changes caused by epigenetic mechanisms. This field is growing as researchers are unraveling environmental and lifestyle influences on genes (Epigenetics, n.d.). This paper will discuss differences in epigenetics andRead MoreThree Main Pathways Of Epigenetic Modification1783 Words   |  8 PagesEpigenetic Modifications in Cancer Scientists have known for several decades that cancer may be caused by mutations in the DNA of cells. These mutations may result from exposure to certain substances (e.g. radiation, benzene) or they may occur spontaneously in the process of cell division, especially in the context of aging. Recently, researchers have discovered another level of inherited cellular information separate from the genes themselves. Epigenetics is the study of modifications to genesRead MoreMembranous And Cytoplasncy Catenin Case Study1119 Words   |  5 Pagesexpression in moderate and severe dysplasia had a median of 267.5 compared to mild dysplasia whose median value was 103.75. Of the 36 OSCC samples, only 10 samples showed nuclear ÃŽ ² catenin expression. These findings suggest that nuclear ÃŽ ² catenin has a role in progression of dysplasia and can be an immune marker (Reyes et al, 2015). 3.12 Wnt antagonists / Suppressors of Wnt Wnt inhibitors are the SFRP family and WIF that directly interact with WNT ligands of both the canonical and non canonical pathwayRead MoreBreast Cancer Case Study1234 Words   |  5 Pagesvital role in Wnt signalling influencing the stabilisation and nuclear accumulation of ÃŽ ² catenin. They also showed that histone markers effect the expression on target gene, cyclin D1. These ultimately lead to the progression of oral cancer. (Lee et al, 2010). c‑myc was among the first oncogenes found to be amplified in breast cancer, and it can contribute to many other forms of cancer (Victoria and Michael, 2007). It is a critical downstream effector of the Wnt/TCF pathway in colon cancer and activationRead MoreGene Expression : The Consequences Of Human DNA And Human Genes1345 Words   |  6 Pages Human DNA is found in 23 pairs of chromosomes and within these chromosomes are sections of DNA called genes. Genes make up the physical traits inherited and expressed from mom and dad. When the DNA found within these genes provides genetic instructions to encode proteins or other molecules, this is called gene expression. Gene expression is the process by which genetic information stored in a gene dictates a cells function. This process is essential as regulatory proteins control the rate of geneRead MoreLeukemia is the most Common Form of Cancer Among Children Worldwide1380 Words   |  5 PagesInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (GLOBOCAN) published that 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally. Cancer is a generic terminology used to refer to the unrestrained proliferation of abnormal cells. This growth may be malignant or benign. The term used to refer to the malignant cancer of the blood cells is leukemia. As of the year 2012, the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) reports that leukemia represents a percentage of 2.5% of all cancers with 352 cases diagnosed per 1000.Read MoreBreast Cancer : A Complex And Heterogeneous Disease Caused By Genetic M utations782 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease caused by both genetic and non-genetic risk factors. These factors include, mutations in breast cancer-associated genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) [1]; loss or aberrant expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) [2]; human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) overexpression [3] ; lack of ER, progesterone receptor (PR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression[4] ; high levels of receptor for the insulin-like growth factor receptorRead MoreThe Molecular Mechanism Of Disease Development Essay1954 Words   |  8 Pagesepigenetic approach in HS using a genome-wide high-density methylation array. In the current study, CpG-level methylation statuses were obtained using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips for DNA samples from HS subjects and normal controls. This enabled us to characterize differentially methylated regions involved in HS pathogenesis and identify novel DNA methylation m arkers that have not previously been reported with aberrant methylation in association with HS. A ROC AUC ≠¥0.75 is generally characteristicRead MoreMutation Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesSomatic mutations in cancer genes that drive neoplastic transformation and increase the risk of tumorigenesis have received justified attention from medical researchers in recent decades due to their roles in cancer progression. Mutation-driven evolutionary selection of certain house-keeping genes, such as oncogenes, have been implicated in cancer development due to the disruptive effects that aberrant function has on important cellular processes like cell cycle regulation and DNA damage repair. InRead MoreThe Crystal Structure Of H2A1571 Words   |  7 Pagesrevealed many contradictory roles of H2A.Z in modulating chromatin dynamics and transcription regulation (Subramanian et al., 2015). The effects of PTMs on H2A.Z nucleosomes may be a reasonable explanation for some of these contradictions (Ishibashi et al., 2009); the inhibition of H2A.Z nucleosomes in binding linker histone H1 (Th akar et al., 2009); and/or effects on chromatin remodeling complexes (Goldman et al., 2010). In yeast, it is clear that H2A.Z plays an important role in gene activation by modifying

Obedience Is The Psychological Mechanism That Links...

â€Å"Obedience is the psychological mechanism that links individual action to political purpose.† (Milgram, 1963). As a Psychologist at Yale University, Milgram proposed an experiment mainly focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. In the 1960’s, Stanley Milgram analyzed justifications for genocide acts by those accused during World War II. The Nuremberg War Criminal trials, States the people were thought of them as simply following orders from their higher ranks. His theory focuses on how humans think and how it links to an action of a given command. In this study, the reader will observe the unethical experiment of the Behavioral Study of Obedience. Behavioral obedience is justified throughout time as an element in structures of social life as can point to. Also, obedience needs a system of authority and is a determinant of behavior. The author of the article, Stanley Milgram, writes about an unethical experiment, on the study of obedience that took place during the 1960’s. Milgram was interested in analyzing how far humans would go to obey commands, if the subject were to harm someone else. Milgram was also intrigued by how easily every-day people can be influenced into committing even awful and unlawful commands, such as the Germans during the time period of the Shoah. The German Officers or Soldiers were ordinary people, but had to obey commands of the dictator, and were ordered to slaughter the different cultures surrounding theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Behavioral Study Of Obedience 965 Words   |  4 Pagesthe brain can change the actions and personalities of an individual. Within psychology, examining behavior of different species, especially humans, is vital in understanding the obscure notions of the brain and its limitations. In research programs, an experiment is usually conducted to determine the objective of a scientist’s research. With this state of mind, a test subject must obtain a sense of submission or obedience.   In Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†, he elaborates on theRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Psychology Field904 Words   |  4 Pagesensure self-respect and well-being of individuals they serve and the community. Historically there were many types of psychological researchs that occurred that would not be allowed under today’s standards. In the past there were standards however, they were not always so strict, which is how some unethical psychological researchs transpired back then. Today, the American Psychological Association has ethical guidelines or â€Å"code of ethics† r egarding psychological researchs that every professionalRead MoreBehavioral Study Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram1053 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience† by Stanley Milgram (1963) Stanley Milgram Yale University Group 1: Wasis Ali, Christopher Okpala, Michelle Walden, Estefany Majano General Psychology 1010 Ms. Thompson Spring Semester, March 17, 2014 Introduction In 1961, The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology published an article by Stanley Milgram, a researcher at Yale University, and his study testing obedience towards political influence vs towards morals and values taught from an early ageRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s Leviathan 1268 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a ceaseless struggle for control that is derived from human self-interest. Such desire becomes desperate ambition that drives the individual to heinous actions. Violence ensues and as the carnage occurs, only one thing can truly satisfy the hunger for dominance: a covenant made to unify varying interests under a common power. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury writes profoundly on the arrangement of legitimate government and the structure of society by calling to attention the constantRead MoreEthical Research : Protection Of Human Subjects Essay1252 Words   |  6 PagesMilgram Experiment on Obedience and the Stanford Prison Experiment are examples of tw o of the most intriguing and widely discussed social psychology experiments that have violated the basic principles of research ethics involving human subjects. The Milgram experiment and the Stanford Prison experiment still continues to receive a large amount of criticism and is widely considered ethically controversial. Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted his obedience experiment in 1961Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Obedience And Authority Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesof â€Å"Obedience to Authority,† Milgram aptly points out that â€Å"some system of authority is a requirement of all communal living†(Milgram 1). This is a universal human truth. Authority is something that humanity, from the beginning of time, has consistently relied upon. Milgram argues that â€Å"obedience is the psychological mechanism that links individual action to political purpose† and that it is the â€Å"dispositional cement that binds men to systems of authority† (Milgram 1). I argue that obedience is asRead MoreEssay on The Milgram Experiment1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe Milgram Experiment (Hart) Stanley Milgram’s experiment in the way people respond to obedience is one of the most important experiments ever administered. The goal of Milgram’s experiment was to find the desire of the participants to shock a learner in a controlled situation. When the volunteer would be ordered to shock the wrong answers of the victims, Milgram was truly judging and studying how people respond to authority. Milgram discovered something both troubling and awe inspiring about theRead More3.1 Introduction This chapter reviews current literature. The original psychological, behavioural2000 Words   |  8 Pages3.1 Introduction This chapter reviews current literature. The original psychological, behavioural theories will be reviewed in part one, in relation to adherence to procedures. Part two of the literature review explains the change procedures under the NEC3 contract as well as criticisms of the procedure, for which this project is seeking to find a framework. The aim of this chapter is to seek the main reasons for people’s behaviour and adherence, leading to a broader knowledge of the subject andRead MoreDomestic Violence : A Global Issue Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic violence is a global issue which impacts many individuals in numerous ways. To gain a detailed understanding of both the aggressor and victims of domestic violence I chose to exam the psychological and environmental aspects that may influence this continuous behavior that coincides with the continual cycle of violence. I did this, by taking an in-depth look at the perpetrators who repeatedly use manipulation and violence to dominate and control their victims. Additionally, the victimsRead MoreThe Theory Of Freedom Under An Authoritative Figure1690 Words   |  7 Pageshold power, even if the action is immoral, for the sake of being obedient. Milgram researches the effect of obedience to authority to see what the teachers’ moral breaking point is. Milgram explains, â€Å"loyalty, duty, discipline, all are terms heavily saturated with moral meaning and refer to the free to which a person fulfils his obligations to authority† (Milgram 146). In other words, the teachers obey to demonstrate that they are willing to be cooperative, even if the actions go against their own morals

Network Design Proposal Essay Example For Students

Network Design Proposal Essay This paper will provide the recommendations for a network that will allow the connection of 50 different remote locations. Half of the remote locations will be required to connect with central headquarters 6 to 8 hours a day and send large files back and forth which consist of date, graphics and product design information including blueprints. The other 25 locations are sales offices and connect at the end of the day to upload daily/other periodic reports that total less than 5 megabytes of data. With the given research I have gathered, I recommend the following: LAN Each of the 50 LAN within the remote locations does not have a criteria within the question posed. A few things are taken as assumptions. The first assumption is that the 25 remote locations does not only need to have the ability to send files from to the central headquarters 6 to 8 hours a day but that it also needs the ability to send these files among themselves. The network requirements also states that the other 25 locations only needs to connect to the central headquarters at the end of the day and upload files less than 5 megabytes to the central site. The second assumption is that at no point the sales site could convert to a site that would require the ability to send videos and other large files to each other. With these assumptions, I recommend the LAN to use an Ethernet protocol for the 25 sales sites. This protocol is the most widely used protocol as of today (Martin W. Murhammer, 1999). Ethernet is the most cost effective method to employ over the LAN network for the requirements given. Ethernet provides the equivalent to hitting a fly with a fly swatter, instead of using a mallet which would be done by using WAN protocols such as frame relay and ATM. Because this network would use a bus topology, we will use the access method of CSMA/CD to prevent packet lost (Martin W. Murhammer, 1999). This access method will allow computers to use the same transmission line and take turns sending information along that line. For the other 25 sites’ LAN, I recommend using the Token Ring Protocol. With the given criteria of staying connected to the central office, a main transmission line cannot be used. For the ability to stay connected, you would need a protocol that does not have to use the same transmission line for each computer to be able o get out to the WAN from the LAN. The LAN will have to use Multi-station access units to avoid the use sharing a single transmission line. WAN The recommendation for the WAN network could also be different between the two divisions of the locations. In order to connect to the central headquarters and upload date at the end of the day you would need a simple protocol so that packets are sent the mo re effective and quicker route. The assumption that is taken about the WAN connecting to the other sites is that all data is held at the central headquarters. I will also assume that there are servers located at all of the satellite sites to store data. I will assume data is off site at the central headquarters and can be retrieved at any site from a server at the central headquarters. In order to be able to connect to the central headquarters for 6 to 8 hours per day, you would need a protocol or connection with the ability to carry a lot of bandwidth. Circuit switching protocols can create a connection between the sites and the central headquarters. Circuit switching establishes a link between the two nodes that needs to be connected and send information back and forth. .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 , .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 .postImageUrl , .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 , .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73:hover , .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73:visited , .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73:active { border:0!important; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73:active , .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73 .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u48130fce46566d8dfaa0dfe08d8dee73:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Roots of Fear EssayAdvantages to circuit switching are its fast and error free connections (Kolobe, 2006). In order to accomplish this with packet switching you must have a protocol instituted that allows error free and high speed connection between the routers of each location. A comparison of Frame relay and the ATM protocol is needed to decide on the best option for packet switching if that is considered. Frame relay is a standard when connecting multiple LANs together. When using frame relay, virtual circuits can exist simultaneously across a transmission line. This allows each devise to use more bandwidth therefore the ability to work at higher speeds (Protocols). Frame relay uses error handling that discards erroneous packets to be retransmitted later instead of using time consuming error handling techniques (Protocols). The negative on this is that it further clogs the lines in the network causing more congestion and the need for more error handling controls. ATM protocol has a lot of advantages over frame relay. ATM is not tied to a specific medium and a specific physical medium (Greene, 2007). The ATM protocol is widely used for transferring large files that are a gigabyte in size. This ability to transmit that size of data efficiently allows it to be the choice to transmit videos throughout the network. The third type of connection is a dedicated WAN connection or leased line. This is a permanent dedicated connection between two parties (Computer Network, 2009). The advantages of a dedicated line are the high availability and the ability to handle high data traffic between WAN’s. The disadvantage is the high cost of leasing each line that is needed (Computer Network, 2009). My recommendation is the use packet switching for the communications between the LAN’s. Packet switching provides the most cost effective and flexible options to communication from the 50 offices to the central headquarters. Since frame relay and ATM varies on how the send packets, I have chosen to use them both. Since the 25 sites that are predominately sales sites and the only upload small files at the end of the day, I have recommended frame relay to effectively transfer data back and forth. Since the other sites are connected longer and upload and send bigger files, I have recommended ATM. ATM can handle larger files for these sites. Works Cited Computer Network. 2009, Oct 10). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from A Computer Network Web Site: http://www. computer-network. net/wan-technologies Greene, T. (2007). Frame Relay vs. ATM. Network World . Kolobe, L. (2006, February 15). Connexions. Retrieved July 30, 2010, from Connexions web site: http://cnx. org/content/m13383/latest/ Martin W. Murhammer, K. -K. L. (1999). IBM. Retrieved July 30, 2010, from IBM Web site: http:// www. redbooks. ibm. com/redbooks/pdfs/sg242580. pdf Protocols . (n. d. ). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from A Protocol web site: http://www. protocols. com/pbook/frame. htm

Islam Informative Speech Essay Example

Islam Informative Speech Essay Introduction: Are all Muslims terrorists? The Muslim Religion teaches people to love God and serve him without killing innocent people. I. Defining Islam Muslims A. What is Islam 1. Islam means submission to Allah (which is Arabic for God) 2. Followers (muslims) live by Qur’an a. believed to be verbatim word of God B. Who is Muslim 1. 1. 57 billion Muslims in world, 23% of world population a. 2nd largest religion fastest growing 2. Majority of muslims live in Asia Africa II. Beliefs A. Purpose of existence is to worship God 1. God is beyond all comprehension, don’t visualize God but worship adore him as the Protector B. Islamic holy books records what Muslims believe were dictated by God to various prophets 1. previous scriptures: Tawrat (Torah) an the Injil (gospels) became distorted by interpretation C. Angels (malak) means messenger 1. very important in islam 2. communicate revelations from God, glorify God, record peoples actions, take persons soul @ death D. 5 pillars of Islam 1. Sunni Islam a. God is 1 Muhammad is messenger of God b. pray 5xs a day c. Ramadan d. Give to poor e. pilgrimage to Mecca E. Food 1. only eat meat from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in name of God by a Muslim, Jew or Christian, also known as halal food 2. use right hand for eating and drinking 3. prohibited to eat pork, blood, and drink alcohol III. Closing A. Islam is a major world religion that continues to grow B. There is only one God and he is to be worshipped by following the holy books prophets C. It’s not evil religion, different peoples interpretations make it good or bad We will write a custom essay sample on Islam Informative Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Islam Informative Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Islam Informative Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Goldbergers War essays

Goldbergers War essays Early 20th century saw the outbreak of a deadly mysterious disease, pellagra that could cause anything from fever to dementia to death. The disease that had killed over 100,000 people by the end of 1914 was shrouded in deep mystery because of the fact that the epidemic was largely limited to the South and was exclusively affecting the peasant class. It was indeed a poor man's disease and conventional wisdom suggested it had something to "Pellagra, a classic dietary deficiency disease caused by insufficient niacin, was noted in the South after the Civil War. Then considered infectious, it was known as the disease of the four Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death. The first outbreak was reported in 1907. In 1909, more than 1000 cases were estimated based on reports from 13 states. One year later, approximately 3000 cases were suspected nationwide based on estimates from 30 states and the District of Columbia. By the end of 1911, pellagra had been reported in all but nine states, and prevalence estimates had increased nearly ninefold. During 1906- 1940, approximately 3 million cases and approximately 100,000 deaths were attributed to pellagra." (5) At that time, physicians attributed massive impact of the disease on its contagious and infectious nature, something that had hitherto been unexamined by the medical circles or research groups. The worst hit area was Mississippi where it appeared that the incidence of pellagra increased every time cotton prices went down and every time flood hit the Mississippi "In 1915, the Mississippi State Board of Health captured the nature of the medical crisis by reporting that during the previous year, pellagra had "caused more deaths than typhoid fever, smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, influenza, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, and acute poliomyelitis combined."...

Football hooliganism Essays

Football hooliganism Essays Football hooliganism Paper Football hooliganism Paper Football hooliganism is acts of violence, racism, taunting and vandalism committed by people around football events and during games. These have detrimental effects of the game often giving it bad publicity, but it is not just a modern phenomenon. Hooliganism has been around since medieval times when sport had little if any rules it was played at festivals and just had an aim. During this period sport was occasionally used as an excuse to get even with a rival. Arguments were often settled in these contests which resulted in many players get seriously injured. During the last century sport on the field has become much more civilised and respected, however off the field it can be just as gruesome as in medieval times. In my report I will be focussing on:  The history and development of hooliganism over the years, I will research into the history of hooliganism and how its changed particularly over the nineteenth century  The methods the authorities have developed to stop it, I will research the police initiative and new methods of catching the modern hooligan. The history and development of hooliganism  Hooliganism first started in medieval times, a sport called mob football was played on special occasions it involved the men from two rival villages playing each other, there was no rules just an aim which was to get a object to a pre-agreed place. This game was extremely ruff and was often used to settle arguments, which resulted in many injures and in some sever cases death. : Over the years hooliganism has moved on, in the supposed gentlemanly pre-war era where one thinks about sportsmanship and gamesmanship little had changed. Riots assaults and general uncivilised behaviour took place. Although no accurate figures are available on the frequency of such episodes, the reported levels of violence and mayhem should be enough to expel any nostalgia about the behaviour of gentlemanly fans. A survey of the reports led Hutchinson to the conclusion that:  Riots, unruly behaviour, violence, assault and vandalism, appear to have been a well-established, but not necessarily dominant pattern of crowd behaviour at football matches at least from the 1870s Most cases of hooliganism occur when players or the crowd think that there have been injustices. Some historians suspect that because there is not many reports of crowd misbehaviour during the pre-war era, relative to the abundance of reported assaults on players and officials. That this points not to the absence of such violence but rather to the lenient attitude toward crowd disturbances that did not actually interfere with the game. This may be explained by the fact that, within the stadium, it was the referee who reported incidents to the FA. If violence tipped onto the field he would consider it a problem; if it spilled onto the streets it became the problem of the town police; but if it was contained within the stands it largely went unreported. During the 1960s there was a surge in the incidences of hooliganism and the Chester report of 1966, incidences of football violence doubled in the first five years of the 1960s compared to the previous 25 years.  The United Kingdom is perceived by virtually all observers in Europe, and by football fans themselves, as having had the earliest and most severe problems with football hooliganism. It is the only nation to have received a blanket expulsion from all European Football competitions a ban that was initially made for an indefinite period following the Heysel Stadium tragedy in which 39 Juventus fans died when a wall collapsed after clashes with Liverpool supporters.

Every healthcare facilty should utilize the electronic medication Essay

Every healthcare facilty should utilize the electronic medication administrtion record to help reduce medication errors - Essay Example This system is an electronic record of resident patient medication, thus improving efficiency and reducing human-based errors. The Electronic Medication Administration Record The Electronic Medication Administration Record (EMAR) is a technology system supported by enhanced computerized systems that allow for more efficient ordering and dosing of patient/resident medications in the hospital and other clinical environments. The EMAR system is implemented in health care facilities to improve interaction between patients and nurses, the physician staff, and also to reduce errors. Additionally, EMAR systems are designed to replace traditional paper systems for similar activities related to medication, thus improving costs for the organization by changing the dynamics of inter-office activities. The Institute of Medicine provides statistics regarding medication errors that continue to contribute to hospital liability claims. According to the Institute, more than a million injuries and nea rly 100,000 deaths occur annually due to errors (Hook, Pearlstein, Samarth & Cusack, 2008). Errors that occur are costly to the hospital and, in the long-term, raise prices for other patients when hospitals are forced to increase the costs of health care service in order to pay ongoing liability claims. Because of these high statistics, the need for improving the medication dosing and ordering systems are necessary. From a marketing perspective, hospitals that raise prices too extensively will lose patient business. When coupled with negative publicity from a hospital or other health care facility that faces liability suits in the court system, it is likely that patients will avoid this facility in favor of another. More Advantages of EMAR As identified, the electronic medication administration record provides for a paperless environment. This improves efficiency and also reduces the costs of office supplies and other important forms from a supply chain perspective. However, the mor e important benefit of EMAR is the ability to share medicinal data with internal sources and external partners in a method that is efficient, safe to security from an IT perspective, and improve the efficiency of the entire health network. This information can be shared via electronic data exchange with ambulance services, patients and health network payers (Garets & Davis, 2006). Currently, interactive communications with health network payers or the use of complicated forms are necessary to achieve results. With the EMAR, such transactions can occur instantly in the virtual environment, thereby improving efficiency in this process. The ability to share this data with ambulance services also provides a new training opportunity and improves the instantaneous knowledge of patient medical records in a real-time service environment. Ambulatory systems can understand whether any potential interactions might occur when they are providing trauma or other services en route to the hospital. It is an ideal model for improving communications between off-site service personnel and the hospital environment. A recent study identified frustrations with nurses that occur because of inefficiency in the workplace. â€Å"They want technology to reduce demand on nursing time by eliminating waste in care resulting from inefficient workflow†